Please Whitelist This Site?

I know everyone hates ads. But please understand that I am providing premium content for free that takes hundreds of hours of time to research and write. I don't want to go to a pay-only model like some sites, but when more and more people block ads, I end up working for free. And I have a family to support, just like you. :)

If you like The TCP/IP Guide, please consider the download version. It's priced very economically and you can read all of it in a convenient format without ads.

If you want to use this site for free, I'd be grateful if you could add the site to the whitelist for Adblock. To do so, just open the Adblock menu and select "Disable on tcpipguide.com". Or go to the Tools menu and select "Adblock Plus Preferences...". Then click "Add Filter..." at the bottom, and add this string: "@@||tcpipguide.com^$document". Then just click OK.

Thanks for your understanding!

Sincerely, Charles Kozierok
Author and Publisher, The TCP/IP Guide


NOTE: Using software to mass-download the site degrades the server and is prohibited.
If you want to read The TCP/IP Guide offline, please consider licensing it. Thank you.

The Book is Here... and Now On Sale!

Get The TCP/IP Guide for your own computer.
The TCP/IP Guide

Custom Search







Table Of Contents  The TCP/IP Guide
 9  TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols, Services and Applications (OSI Layers 5, 6 and 7)
      9  Name Systems and TCP/IP Name Registration and Name Resolution
           9  TCP/IP Name Systems: Host Tables and Domain Name System (DNS)
                9  TCP/IP Domain Name System (DNS)
                     9  DNS Name Servers and Name Resolution
                          9  DNS Resolution Concepts and Resolver Operations

Previous Topic/Section
DNS Name Resolution Process
Previous Page
Pages in Current Topic/Section
123
4
Next Page
DNS Electronic Mail Support and Mail Exchange (MX) Resource Records
Next Topic/Section

DNS Reverse Name Resolution Using the IN-ADDR.ARPA Domain
(Page 4 of 4)

Why The IN-ADDR.ARPA Structure Is the Opposite of Normal IP Addresses

I'm sure you've noticed that the numbers are “backwards” in the IN-ADDR.ARPA domain. We've already seen the reason for this: name resolution proceeds from the least-specific to the most-specific element, going from right to left. In contrast, IP addresses have the least specific octet on the left, and the most specific on the right. Thus, we reverse them to maintain consistency with the DNS name space.

This immediately yields us one extra benefit. Just as we can delegate authority for portions of the regular name space, for example, letting “XYZ Industries” be in charge of everything in “xyzindustries.com”, we can also delegate authority for parts of the IN-ADDR.ARPA name space. For example, since MIT owns all IP addresses with a first octet of 18—at least I think they still do—it is possible that if MIT wanted to, they could control the “18.IN-ADDR.ARPA” domain as well for reverse queries. This would not be possible without reversing the octets as we have done.

Note that for this system to work reliably, it is essential that the data in the “regular” name space and the reverse name space remain consistent. Whenever a new DNS name is registered, an appropriate entry must be made within IN-ADDR.ARPA as well. Special procedures have been put into place to allow these pointer entries to be created automatically.

Related Information: A similar scheme using a different reverse domain is used for DNS under IPv6.


Key Concept: Most name resolutions require that we transform a DNS domain name into an IP address. However, there are cases where we want to perform a reverse name resolution, by starting with an IP address and finding out what domain name matches it. This is difficult to do using the conventional DNS distributed name hierarchy, because there is no easy way to find the DNS server containing the entries for a particular IP address using the regular DNS name hierarchy. To this end, a special hierarchy called IN-ADDR.ARPA was set up for reverse name lookups. This hierarchy contains four levels of numerical subdomains structured so that each IP address has its own node. The node for an IP address contains an entry that points to the DNS domain name associated with that address.



Previous Topic/Section
DNS Name Resolution Process
Previous Page
Pages in Current Topic/Section
123
4
Next Page
DNS Electronic Mail Support and Mail Exchange (MX) Resource Records
Next Topic/Section

If you find The TCP/IP Guide useful, please consider making a small Paypal donation to help the site, using one of the buttons below. You can also donate a custom amount using the far right button (not less than $1 please, or PayPal gets most/all of your money!) In lieu of a larger donation, you may wish to consider purchasing a download license of The TCP/IP Guide. Thanks for your support!
Donate $2
Donate $5
Donate $10
Donate $20
Donate $30
Donate: $



Home - Table Of Contents - Contact Us

The TCP/IP Guide (http://www.TCPIPGuide.com)
Version 3.0 - Version Date: September 20, 2005

© Copyright 2001-2005 Charles M. Kozierok. All Rights Reserved.
Not responsible for any loss resulting from the use of this site.