Table of Contents

• The TCP/IP Guide: Introduction and "Guide To The Guide"
  • Introduction To The TCP/IP Guide
  • Goals of The TCP/IP Guide
  • Scope of The TCP/IP Guide
  • Structure and Organization of The TCP/IP Guide
  • TCP/IP Guide Features, Inserts and Icons
  • Tips For Navigating the Online Version of The TCP/IP Guide
  • Copyright Notice and Disclaimers
  • Acknowledgments
  • About The Author
• Networking Fundamentals
  • Introduction to Networking
    • What Is Networking?
    • The Advantages (Benefits) of Networking
    • The Disadvantages (Costs) of Networking
  • Fundamental Network Characteristics
    • Networking Layers, Models and Architectures
    • Protocols: What Are They, Anyway?
    • Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Networks
    • Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols
    • Messages: Packets, Frames, Datagrams and Cells
    • Message Formatting: Headers, Payloads and Footers
    • Message Addressing and Transmission Methods: Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast Messages
    • Network Structural Models and Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer Networking
  • Types and Sizes of Networks
    • Local Area Networks (LANs), Wireless LANs (WLANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs) and Variants (CANs, MANs and PANs)
    • Segments, Networks, Subnetworks and Internetworks
    • The Internet, Intranets and Extranets
  • Network Performance Issues and Concepts
    • Putting Network Performance In Perspective
    • Balancing Network Performance with Key Non-Performance Characteristics
    • Performance Measurements: Speed, Bandwidth, Throughput and Latency
    • Understanding Performance Measurement Units
    • Theoretical and Real-World Throughput, and Factors Affecting Network Performance
    • Simplex, Full-Duplex and Half-Duplex Operation
    • Quality of Service (QoS)
  • Network Standards and Standards Organizations
    • Proprietary, Open and De Facto Standards
    • Networking Standards
    • International Networking Standards Organizations
    • Networking Industry Groups
    • Internet Standards Organizations (ISOC, IAB, IESG, IETF, IRSG, IRTF)
    • Internet Registration Authorities and Registries (IANA, ICANN, APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC, RIPE NCC)
    • Internet Standards and the Request For Comment (RFC) Process
  • Backgrounder: Data Representation and the Mathematics of Computing
    • Binary Information and Representation: Bits, Bytes, Nibbles, Octets and Characters
    • Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
    • Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Number Conversion
    • Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Arithmetic
    • Boolean Logic and Logical Functions
    • Bit Masking (Setting, Clearing and Inverting) Using Boolean Logical Functions
• The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model
  • History of the OSI Reference Model
  • General Reference Model Issues
    • The Benefits of Networking Models
    • Why Understanding The OSI Reference Model Is Important To You
    • How To Use The OSI Reference Model
    • Comparing the OSI Reference Model to Network Architectures and Protocol Stacks
  • Key OSI Reference Model Concepts
    • OSI Reference Model Networking Layers, Sublayers and Layer Groupings
    • "N" Notation and Other OSI Model Layer Terminology
    • Interfaces: Vertical (Adjacent Layer) Communication
    • Protocols: Horizontal (Corresponding Layer) Communication
    • Data Encapsulation, Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and Service Data Units (SDUs)
    • Indirect Device Connection and Message Routing
  • Understanding The OSI Reference Model: An Analogy
  • OSI Reference Model Layers
    • Physical Layer (Layer 1)
    • Data Link Layer (Layer 2)
    • Network Layer (Layer 3)
    • Transport Layer (Layer 4)
    • Session Layer (Layer 5)
    • Presentation Layer (Layer 6)
    • Application Layer (Layer 7)
  • OSI Reference Model Layer Mnemonics
  • OSI Reference Model Layer Summary
• TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Architecture
  • TCP/IP Overview and History
  • TCP/IP Services and Client/Server Operation
  • TCP/IP Architecture and the TCP/IP Model
  • TCP/IP Protocols
• TCP/IP Lower-Layer (Interface, Internet and Transport) Protocols (OSI Layers 2, 3 and 4)
  • TCP/IP Network Interface Layer (OSI Data Link Layer) Protocols
    • TCP/IP Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
      • SLIP and PPP Overview and Role In TCP/IP
      • Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
      • Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
        • PPP Fundamentals and Operation
          • PPP Overview, History and Benefits
          • PPP Components and General Operation
          • PPP Link Setup and Phases
          • PPP Standards
        • PPP Core Protocols: Link Control, Network Control and Authentication
          • PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP)
          • PPP Network Control Protocols (IPCP, IPXCP, NBFCP and others)
          • PPP Authentication Protocols: Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
        • PPP Feature Protocols
          • PPP Link Quality Monitoring/Reporting (LQM/LQR)
          • PPP Compression Control Protocol (CCP) and Compression Algorithms
          • PPP Encryption Control Protocol (ECP) and Encryption Algorithms
          • PPP Multilink Protocol (MP/MLP/MLPPP)
          • PPP Bandwidth Allocation Protocol (BAP) and Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol (BACP)
        • PPP Protocol Frame Formats
          • PPP General Frame Format
          • PPP General Control Protocol Frame Format and Option Format
          • PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP) Frame Formats
          • PPP Authentication Protocol (PAP, CHAP) Frame Formats
          • PPP Multilink Protocol (MP) Frame Format
  • TCP/IP Network Interface / Internet "Layer Connection" Protocols
    • Address Resolution and the TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
      • Address Resolution Concepts and Issues
        • The Need For Address Resolution
        • Address Resolution Through Direct Mapping
        • Dynamic Address Resolution
        • Dynamic Address Resolution Caching and Efficiency Issues
      • TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
        • ARP Overview, Standards and History
        • ARP Address Specification and General Operation
        • ARP Message Format
        • ARP Caching
        • Proxy ARP
      • TCP/IP Address Resolution For IP Multicast Addresses
      • TCP/IP Address Resolution For IP Version 6
    • Reverse Address Resolution and the TCP/IP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
  • TCP/IP Internet Layer (OSI Network Layer) Protocols
    • Internet Protocol (IP/IPv4, IPng/IPv6) and IP-Related Protocols (IP NAT, IPSec, Mobile IP)
      • Internet Protocol Concepts and Overview
        • IP Overview and Key Operational Characteristics
        • IP Functions
        • IP History, Standards, Versions and Closely-Related Protocols
      • Internet Protocol Version 4 (IP, IPv4)
        • IP Addressing
          • IP Addressing Concepts and Issues
            • IP Addressing Overview and Fundamentals
            • IP Address Size, Address Space and "Dotted Decimal" Notation
            • IP Basic Address Structure and Main Components: Network ID and Host ID
            • IP Addressing Categories (Classful, Subnetted and Classless) and IP Address Adjuncts (Subnet Mask and Default Gateway)
            • Number of IP Addresses and Multihoming
            • IP Address Management and Assignment Methods and Authorities
          • IP "Classful" (Conventional) Addressing
            • IP "Classful" Addressing Overview and Address Classes
            • IP "Classful" Addressing Network and Host Identification and Address Ranges
            • IP Address Class A, B and C Network and Host Capacities
            • IP Addresses With Special Meanings
            • IP Reserved, Loopback and Private Addresses
            • IP Multicast Addressing
            • Problems With "Classful" IP Addressing
          • IP Subnet Addressing ("Subnetting") Concepts
            • IP Subnet Addressing Overview, Motivation, and Advantages
            • IP Subnetting: "Three-Level" Hierarchical IP Subnet Addressing
            • IP Subnet Masks, Notation and Subnet Calculations
            • IP Default Subnet Masks For Address Classes A, B and C
            • IP Custom Subnet Masks
            • IP Subnet Identifiers, Subnet Addresses and Host Addresses
            • IP Subnetting Summary Tables For Class A, Class B and Class C Networks
            • IP Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)
          • IP Subnetting: Practical Subnet Design and Address Determination Example
            • IP Subnetting Step #1: Requirements Analysis
            • IP Subnetting Step #2: The Key Design Trade-off: Partitioning Network Address Host Bits
            • IP Subnetting Step #3: Determining The Custom Subnet Mask
            • IP Subnetting Step #4: Determining Subnet Identifiers and Subnet Addresses
            • IP Subnetting Step #5: Determining Host Addresses For Each Subnet
          • IP Classless Addressing: Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) / "Supernetting"
            • IP Classless Addressing and "Supernetting" Overview, Motivation, Advantages and Disadvantages
            • IP "Supernetting": Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Hierarchical Addressing and Notation
            • IP Classless Addressing Block Sizes and "Classful" Network Equivalents
            • IP CIDR Addressing Example
        • IP Datagram Encapsulation and Formatting
          • IP Datagram Encapsulation
          • IP Datagram General Format
          • IP Datagram Options and Option Format
        • IP Datagram Size, Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), Fragmentation and Reassembly
          • IP Datagram Size, the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), and Fragmentation Overview
          • IP Message Fragmentation Process
          • IP Message Reassembly Process
        • IP Datagram Delivery and Routing
          • IP Datagram Direct Delivery and Indirect Delivery (Routing)
          • IP Routing Concepts and the Process of Next-Hop Routing
          • IP Routes and Routing Tables
          • IP Routing In A Subnet Or Classless Addressing (CIDR) Environment
        • IP Multicasting
      • Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) / IP Next Generation (IPng)
        • IPv6 Overview, Changes and Transition
          • IPv6 Motivation and Overview
          • Major Changes And Additions In IPv6
          • Transition from IPv4 to IPv6
        • IPv6 Addressing
          • IPv6 Addressing Overview: Addressing Model and Address Types
          • IPv6 Address Size and Address Space
          • IPv6 Address and Address Notation and Prefix Representation
          • IPv6 Address Space Allocation
          • IPv6 Global Unicast Address Format
          • IPv6 Interface Identifiers and Physical Address Mapping
          • IPv6 Special Addresses: Reserved, Private (Link-Local / Site-Local), Unspecified and Loopback
          • IPv6/IPv4 Address Embedding
          • IPv6 Multicast and Anycast Addressing
          • IPv6 Autoconfiguration and Renumbering
        • IPv6 Datagram Encapsulation and Formatting
          • IPv6 Datagram Overview and General Structure
          • IPv6 Datagram Main Header Format
          • IPv6 Datagram Extension Headers
          • IPv6 Datagram Options
        • IPv6 Datagram Size, Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), Fragmentation and Reassembly
        • IPv6 Datagram Delivery and Routing
      • IP Network Address Translation (NAT) Protocol
        • IP NAT Overview, Motivation, Advantages and Disadvantages
        • IP NAT Address Terminology
        • IP NAT Static and Dynamic Address Mappings
        • IP NAT Unidirectional (Traditional/Outbound) Operation
        • IP NAT Bidirectional (Two-Way/Inbound) Operation
        • IP NAT Port-Based ("Overloaded") Operation: Network Address Port Translation (NAPT) / Port Address Translation (PAT)
        • IP NAT "Overlapping" / "Twice NAT" Operation
        • IP NAT Compatibility Issues and Special Handling Requirements
      • IP Security (IPSec) Protocols
        • IPSec Overview, History and Standards
        • IPSec General Operation, Components and Protocols
        • IPSec Architectures and Implementation Methods
        • IPSec Modes: Transport and Tunnel
        • IPSec Security Associations and the Security Association Database (SAD); Security Policies and the Security Policy Database (SPD); Selectors; the Security Parameter Index (SPI)
        • IPSec Authentication Header (AH)
        • IPSec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
        • IPSec Key Exchange (IKE)
      • Internet Protocol Mobility Support (Mobile IP)
        • Mobile IP Overview, History and Motivation
        • Mobile IP Concepts and General Operation
        • Mobile IP Addressing: Home and "Care-Of" Addresses
        • Mobile IP Agent Discovery, and Agent Advertisement and Solicitation Messages
        • Mobile IP Home Agent Registration and Registration Messages
        • Mobile IP Data Encapsulation and Tunneling
        • Mobile IP and TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Operation
        • Mobile IP Efficiency Issues
        • Mobile IP Security Considerations
    • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP/ICMPv4 and ICMPv6)
      • ICMP Concepts and General Operation
        • ICMP Overview, History, Versions and Standards
        • ICMP General Operation
        • ICMP Message Classes, Types and Codes
        • ICMP Message Creation and Processing Conventions and Rules
        • ICMP Common Message Format and Data Encapsulation
      • ICMP Message Types and Formats
        • ICMP Version 4 (ICMPv4) Error Message Types and Formats
          • ICMPv4 Destination Unreachable Messages
          • ICMPv4 Source Quench Messages
          • ICMPv4 Time Exceeded Messages
          • ICMPv4 Redirect Messages
          • ICMPv4 Parameter Problem Messages
        • ICMP Version 4 (ICMPv4) Informational Message Types and Formats
          • ICMPv4 Echo (Request) and Echo Reply Messages
          • ICMPv4 Timestamp (Request) and Timestamp Reply Messages
          • ICMPv4 Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation Messages
          • ICMPv4 Address Mask Request and Reply Messages
          • ICMPv4 Traceroute Messages
        • ICMP Version 6 (ICMPv6) Error Message Types and Formats
          • ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable Messages
          • ICMPv6 Packet Too Big Messages
          • ICMPv6 Time Exceeded Messages
          • ICMPv6 Parameter Problem Messages
        • ICMP Version 6 (ICMPv6) Informational Message Types and Formats
          • ICMPv6 Echo Request and Echo Reply Messages
          • ICMPv6 Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation Messages
          • ICMPv6 Neighbor Advertisement and Neighbor Solicitation Messages
          • ICMPv6 Redirect Messages
          • ICMPv6 Router Renumbering Messages
          • ICMPv6 Informational Message Options
    • TCP/IP IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol (ND)
      • IPv6 ND Overview, History, Motivation and Standards
      • IPv6 ND General Operational Overview: ND Functions, Functional Groups and Message Types
      • IPv6 ND Functions Compared to Equivalent IPv4 Functions
      • IPv6 ND Host-Router Discovery Functions: Router Discovery, Prefix Discovery, Parameter Discovery and Address Autoconfiguration
      • IPv6 ND Host-Host Communication Functions: Address Resolution, Next-Hop Determination, Neighbor Unreachability Detection and Duplicate Address Detection
      • IPv6 ND Redirect Function
    • TCP/IP Routing Protocols (Gateway Protocols)
      • Overview Of Key Routing Protocol Concepts: Architectures, Protocol Types, Algorithms and Metrics
      • TCP/IP Interior Routing Protocols (RIP, OSPF, GGP, HELLO, IGRP, EIGRP)
        • TCP/IP Routing Information Protocol (RIP, RIP-2 and RIPng)
          • RIP Fundamentals and General Operation
            • RIP Overview, History, Standards and Versions
            • RIP Route Determination Algorithm and Metric
            • RIP General Operation, Messaging and Timers
            • RIP Protocol Limitations and Problems
            • RIP Special Features For Resolving RIP Algorithm Problems
          • RIP Version-Specific Message Formats and Features
            • RIP Version 1 (RIP-1) Message Format
            • RIP Version 2 (RIP-2) Message Format and Features
            • RIPng ("RIPv6") Message Format and Features
        • Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
          • OSPF Overview, History, Standards and Versions
          • OSPF Basic Topology and the Link State Database (LSDB)
          • OSPF Hierarchical Topology, Areas and Router Roles
          • OSPF Route Determination Using SPF Trees
          • OSPF General Operation and Message Types
          • OSPF Message Formats
        • Other Interior Routing Protocols
          • TCP/IP Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (GGP)
          • The HELLO Protocol (HELLO)
          • Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
          • Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
      • TCP/IP Exterior Gateway/Routing Protocols (BGP and EGP)
        • TCP/IP Border Gateway Protocol (BGP/BGP-4)
          • BGP Fundamentals and General Operation
            • BGP Overview, History, Standards and Versions
            • BGP Topology, Speakers, Border Routers and Neighbor Relationships (Internal and External Peers)
            • BGP Autonomous System Types, Traffic Flows and Routing Policies
            • BGP Route Storage and Advertisement, and BGP Routing Information Bases (RIBs)
            • BGP Path Attributes and Algorithm Overview
            • BGP Route Determination and the BGP Decision Process
            • BGP General Operation and Messaging
          • BGP Detailed Messaging, Operation and Message Formats
            • BGP Message Generation and Transport, and General Message Format
            • BGP Connection Establishment: Open Messages
            • BGP Route Information Exchange: Update Messages
            • BGP Connectivity Maintenance: Keepalive Messages
            • BGP Error Reporting: Notification Messages
        • TCP/IP Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
  • TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocols
    • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
      • TCP and UDP Overview and Role In TCP/IP
      • TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocol (TCP and UDP) Addressing: Ports and Sockets
        • TCP/IP Processes, Multiplexing and Client/Server Application Roles
        • TCP/IP Ports: Transport Layer (TCP/UDP) Addressing
        • TCP/IP Application Assignments and Server Port Number Ranges: Well-Known, Registered and Dynamic/Private Ports
        • TCP/IP Client (Ephemeral) Ports and Client/Server Application Port Use
        • TCP/IP Sockets and Socket Pairs: Process and Connection Identification
        • Common TCP/IP Applications and Assigned Well-Known and Registered Port Numbers
      • TCP/IP User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
        • UDP Overview, History and Standards
        • UDP Operation
        • UDP Message Format
        • UDP Common Applications and Server Port Assignments
      • TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
        • TCP Overview, Functions and Characteristics
          • TCP Overview, History and Standards
          • TCP Functions: What TCP Does
          • TCP Characteristics: How TCP Does What It Does
        • TCP Fundamentals and General Operation
          • TCP Data Handling and Processing: Streams, Segments and Sequence Numbers
          • TCP Sliding Window Acknowledgment System For Data Transport, Reliability and Flow Control
          • TCP Ports, Connections and Connection Identification
          • TCP Common Applications and Server Port Assignments
        • TCP Basic Operation: Connection Establishment, Management and Termination
          • TCP Operational Overview and the TCP Finite State Machine (FSM)
          • TCP Connection Preparation: Transmission Control Blocks (TCBs) and Passive and Active Socket OPENs
          • TCP Connection Establishment Process: The "Three-Way Handshake"
          • TCP Connection Establishment Sequence Number Synchronization and Parameter Exchange
          • TCP Connection Management and Problem Handling, the Connection Reset Function, and TCP "Keepalives"
          • TCP Connection Termination
        • TCP Message Formatting and Data Transfer
          • TCP Message (Segment) Format
          • TCP Checksum Calculation and the TCP "Pseudo Header"
          • TCP Maximum Segment Size (MSS) and Relationship to IP Datagram Size
          • TCP Sliding Window Data Transfer and Acknowledgement Mechanics
          • TCP Immediate Data Transfer: "Push" Function
          • TCP Priority Data Transfer: "Urgent" Function
        • TCP Reliability and Flow Control Features and Protocol Modifications
          • TCP Segment Retransmission Timers and the Retransmission Queue
          • TCP Non-Contiguous Acknowledgment Handling and Selective Acknowledgment (SACK)
          • TCP Adaptive Retransmission and Retransmission Timer Calculations
          • TCP Window Size Adjustment and Flow Control
          • TCP Window Management Issues
          • TCP "Silly Window Syndrome" and Changes To the Sliding Window System For Avoiding Small-Window Problems
          • TCP Congestion Handling and Congestion Avoidance Algorithms
      • Summary Comparison of TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocols (UDP and TCP)
• TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols, Services and Applications (OSI Layers 5, 6 and 7)
  • Name Systems and TCP/IP Name Registration and Name Resolution
    • Name System Issues, Concepts and Techniques
      • Name System Overview and Motivation
      • Name System Functions: Name Space, Name Registration and Name Resolution
      • Name Spaces and Name Architectures (Flat and Hierarchical)
      • Name Registration Methods, Administration and Authorities
      • Name Resolution Techniques and Functional Elements of A Name Resolution System
      • Efficiency, Reliability and Other Name Resolution Issues and Features
    • TCP/IP Name Systems: Host Tables and Domain Name System (DNS)
      • Overview and History of TCP/IP Host Names and Name Systems
      • TCP/IP Host Table Name System
      • TCP/IP Domain Name System (DNS)
        • DNS Overview, Functions and Characteristics
          • DNS Overview, History and Standards
          • DNS Design Goals, Objectives and Assumptions
          • DNS Components and General Functions
        • DNS Name Space, Architecture and Terminology
          • DNS Domains and the DNS Hierarchical Name Architecture
          • DNS Structural Elements and Terminology: Domains, Subdomains, and Nodes; Roots, Leaves and Branches; Parents, Children and Siblings
          • DNS Labels, Names and Syntax Rules
          • Absolute (Fully-Qualified) and Relative (Partially-Qualified) Domain Name Specifications
        • DNS Name Registration, Public Administration, Zones and Authorities
          • DNS Hierarchical Authority Structure and the Distributed Name Database
          • DNS Organizational (Generic) Top Level Domains and Authorities
          • DNS Geopolitical (Country Code) Top Level Domains and Authorities
          • DNS Second-Level and Lower Domains, Delegation of Registration Authority and Public Registration
          • DNS Public Registration Disputes (Conflicts, Cybersquatting, "Deceptive Naming", Etc.) and Dispute Resolution
          • DNS Name Space Administrative Hierarchy Partitioning: DNS Zones of Authority
          • DNS Private Name Registration
        • DNS Name Servers and Name Resolution
          • DNS Name Server Concepts and Operation
            • DNS Name Server Functions, Name Server Architecture and General Operation
            • DNS Name Server Data Storage: Resource Records and Classes
            • DNS Name Server Types and Roles: Primary/Master, Secondary/Slave and Caching-Only Servers
            • DNS Zone Management, Contacts and Zone Transfers
            • DNS Root Name Servers
            • DNS Name Server Caching, Negative Caching and Data Persistence
            • DNS Name Server Load Balancing
            • DNS Name Server Enhancements: DNS Notify, Incremental Zone Transfers, and DNS Update (Dynamic DNS)
          • DNS Resolution Concepts and Resolver Operations
            • DNS Resolver Functions and General Operation
            • DNS Basic Name Resolution Techniques: Iterative and Recursive Resolution
            • DNS Name Resolution Efficiency Improvements: Caching and Local Resolution
            • DNS Name Resolution Process
            • DNS Reverse Name Resolution Using the IN-ADDR.ARPA Domain
            • DNS Electronic Mail Support and Mail Exchange (MX) Resource Records
          • DNS Messaging and Message, Resource Record and Master File Formats
            • DNS Message Generation and Transport
            • DNS Message Processing and General Message Format
            • DNS Message Header and Question Section Format
            • DNS Message Resource Record Field Formats
            • DNS Name Notation and Message Compression Technique
            • DNS Master File Format
        • DNS Changes To Support IP Version 6
  • Network File and Resource Sharing Protocols and the TCP/IP Network File System (NFS)
    • Overview of File and Resource Sharing Protocol Concepts and Operation
    • TCP/IP Network File System (NFS)
      • NFS Overview, History, Versions and Standards
      • NFS Architecture and Components
      • NFS Data Storage and Data Types, and the External Data Representation (XDR) Standard
      • NFS Client/Server Operation Using Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs)
      • NFS Server Procedures and Operations
      • NFS File System Model and the Mount Protocol
  • TCP/IP Network Configuration and Management Protocols (BOOTP, DHCP, SNMP and RMON)
    • Host Configuration and TCP/IP Host Configuration Protocols (BOOTP and DHCP)
      • Host Configuration Concepts, Issues and Motivation
      • TCP/IP Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)
        • BOOTP Overview, History and Standards
        • BOOTP Client/Server Messaging and Addressing
        • BOOTP Detailed Operation
        • BOOTP Message Format
        • BOOTP Vendor-Specific Area and Vendor Information Extensions
        • BOOTP Relay Agents (Forwarding Agents)
      • TCP/IP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
        • DHCP Overview, Motivation, History and Standards
        • DHCP Address Assignment and Dynamic Address Allocation and Management
          • DHCP Address Assignment and Allocation Mechanisms
          • DHCP Leases, Lease Length Policies and Management
          • DHCP Lease "Life Cycle" Overview (Allocation, Reallocation, Renewal, Rebinding and Release) and Lease Timers
          • DHCP Lease Address Pools, Ranges (Scopes) and Address Management
        • DHCP Configuration and Operation
          • DHCP Overview of Client and Server Responsibilities
          • DHCP Configuration Parameters, Storage and Communication
          • DHCP General Operation and Client Finite State Machine
          • DHCP Lease Allocation Process
          • DHCP Lease Reallocation Process
          • DHCP Lease Renewal and Rebinding Processes
          • DHCP Early Lease Termination (Release) Process
          • DHCP Parameter Configuration Process For Clients With Non-DHCP Addresses
        • DHCP Messaging, Message Types and Formats
          • DHCP Message Generation, Addressing, Transport and Retransmission
          • DHCP Message Format
          • DHCP Options, Option Format and "Option Overloading"
          • Summary Of DHCP Options / BOOTP Vendor Information Fields
        • DHCP Client/Server Implementation, Features and Issues
          • DHCP Server General Implementation and Management Issues
          • DHCP Client General Implementation and Management Issues
          • DHCP Message Relaying and BOOTP Relay Agents
          • DHCP Autoconfiguration / Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
          • DHCP Server Conflict Detection
          • DHCP and BOOTP Interoperability
          • DHCP Security Issues
        • DHCP For IP Version 6 (DHCPv6)
    • TCP/IP Network Management Framework and Protocols (SNMP and RMON)
      • TCP/IP Internet Standard Management Framework Overview, Architecture, Components and Concepts
        • Overview and History of the TCP/IP Internet Standard Management Framework and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
        • TCP/IP SNMP Operational Model, Components and Terminology.
        • TCP/IP Internet Standard Management Framework Architecture and Protocol Components
        • TCP/IP Internet Standard Management Framework and SNMP Versions (SNMPv1, SNMPv2 Variants, SNMPv3)
        • TCP/IP Internet Standard Management Framework and SNMP Standards
      • TCP/IP Structure of Management Information (SMI) and Management Information Bases (MIBs)
        • TCP/IP Structure of Management Information (SMI) and Management Information Bases (MIBs) Overview
        • TCP/IP MIB Objects, Object Characteristics and Object Types
        • TCP/IP MIB Object Descriptors and Identifiers and the Object Name Hierarchy and Name Notation
        • TCP/IP MIB Modules and Object Groups
      • TCP/IP Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Protocol
        • SNMP Protocol Overview, History and General Concepts
        • SNMP Protocol Operations
          • SNMP Protocol General Operation, Communication Methods and Message Classes
          • SNMP Protocol Basic Request/Response Information Poll Using GetRequest and (Get)Response Messages
          • SNMP Protocol Table Traversal Using GetNextRequest and GetBulkRequest Messages
          • SNMP Protocol Object Modification Using SetRequest Messages
          • SNMP Protocol Information Notification Using Trap(v2) and InformRequest Messages
          • SNMP Protocol Security Issues and Methods
        • SNMP Protocol Messaging and Message Formats
          • SNMP Protocol Message Generation, Addressing, Transport and Retransmission
          • SNMP Message Field Definitions, General Message Format and Message Sections
          • SNMP Version 1 (SNMPv1) Message Format
          • SNMP Version 2 (SNMPv2) Message Formats
          • SNMP Version 3 (SNMPv3) Message Format
      • TCP/IP Remote Network Monitoring (RMON)
  • TCP/IP Key Applications and Application Protocols
    • TCP/IP Application Layer Addressing: Uniform Resource Identifiers, Locators and Names (URIs, URLs and URNs)
      • Uniform Resource Identifiers, Locators and Names (URIs, URLs and URNs): Overview, History, Significance and Standards
      • Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
        • URL General Syntax
        • URL Schemes (Applications / Access Methods) and Scheme-Specific Syntaxes
        • URL Relative Syntax and Base URLs
        • URL Length and Complexity Issues
        • URL Obscuration, Obfuscation and General Trickery
      • Uniform Resource Names (URNs)
    • TCP/IP File and Message Transfer Applications and Protocols (FTP, TFTP, Electronic Mail, USENET, HTTP/WWW, Gopher)
      • File and Message Transfer Overview and Application Categories
      • TCP/IP General File Transfer Protocols (FTP and TFTP)
        • File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
          • FTP Overview, History and Standards
          • FTP Concepts and General Operation
            • FTP Operational Model, Protocol Components and Key Terminology
            • FTP Control Connection Establishment, User Authentication and Anonymous FTP Access
            • FTP Data Connection Management, Normal (Active) and Passive Data Connections and Port Usage
            • FTP General Data Communication and Transmission Modes
            • FTP Data Representation: Data Types, Data Structures and Format Control
          • FTP Commands and Replies
            • FTP Internal Protocol Commands and Command Groups
            • FTP Replies, Reply Code Format and Important Reply Codes
            • FTP User Interface and User Commands
          • FTP Sample User and Internal Command Dialog
        • Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
          • TFTP Overview, History and Standards
          • TFTP General Operation, Connection Establishment and Client/Server Communication
          • TFTP Detailed Operation and Messaging
          • TFTP Options and Option Negotiation
          • TFTP Message Formats
      • TCP/IP Electronic Mail System: Concepts and Protocols (RFC 822, MIME, SMTP, POP3, IMAP)
        • TCP/IP Electronic Mail System Overview and Concepts
          • TCP/IP Electronic Mail System Overview and History
          • TCP/IP Electronic Mail Communication Overview: Message Composition, Submission, Delivery, Receipt, Processing and Access
          • TCP/IP Electronic Mail Message Communication Model and Device and Protocol Roles
        • TCP/IP Electronic Mail Addresses and Addressing
          • TCP/IP Electronic Mail Addressing and Address Resolution
          • TCP/IP Historical and Special Electronic Mail Addressing
          • TCP/IP Electronic Mail Aliases / Address Books, Multiple Recipient Addressing and Electronic Mailing Lists
        • TCP/IP Electronic Mail Message Formats and Message Processing: RFC 822 and MIME
          • TCP/IP Electronic Mail Standard Message Format: RFC 822
            • TCP/IP Electronic Mail RFC 822 Standard Message Format Overview, Structure and General Formatting Rules
            • TCP/IP Electronic Mail RFC 822 Standard Message Format Header Field Definitions and Groups
            • TCP/IP Electronic Mail RFC 822 Standard Message Format Processing and Interpretation
          • TCP/IP Enhanced Electronic Mail Message Format: Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
            • MIME Message Format Overview, Motivation, History and Standards
            • MIME Basic Structures and Headers
            • MIME Content-Type Header and Discrete Media: Types, Subtypes and Parameters
            • MIME Composite Media Types: Multipart and Encapsulated Message Structures
            • MIME Content-Transfer-Encoding Header and Encoding Methods
            • MIME Extension for Non-ASCII Mail Message Headers
        • TCP/IP Electronic Mail Delivery Protocol: The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
          • SMTP Overview, History and Standards
          • SMTP Communication and Message Transport Methods, Client/Server Roles and Terminology
          • SMTP Connection and Session Establishment and Termination
          • SMTP Mail Transaction Process
          • SMTP Special Features, Capabilities and Extensions
          • SMTP Security Issues
          • SMTP Commands
          • SMTP Replies and Reply Codes
        • TCP/IP Electronic Mail Access and Retrieval Protocols and Methods
          • TCP/IP Electronic Mail Mailbox Access Model, Method and Protocol Overview
          • TCP/IP Post Office Protocol (POP/POP3)
            • POP Overview, History, Versions and Standards
            • POP3 General Operation, Client/Server Communication and Session States
            • POP3 Authorization State: User Authentication Process and Commands
            • POP3 Transaction State: Mail and Information Exchange Process and Commands
            • POP3 Update State: Mailbox Update and Session Termination Process and Commands
          • TCP/IP Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP/IMAP4)
            • IMAP Overview, History, Versions and Standards
            • IMAP General Operation, Client/Server Communication and Session States
            • IMAP Commands, Results and Responses
            • IMAP Not Authenticated State: User Authentication Process and Commands
            • IMAP Authenticated State: Mailbox Manipulation/Selection Process and Commands
            • IMAP Selected State: Message Manipulation Process and Commands
          • Other TCP/IP Electronic Mail Access and Retrieval Methods
            • TCP/IP Direct Server Electronic Mail Access
            • TCP/IP World Wide Web Electronic Mail Access
      • Usenet (Network News) and the TCP/IP Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
        • Usenet Overview, Concepts and General Operation
          • Usenet Overview, History and Standards
          • Usenet Communication Model: Message Composition, Posting, Storage, Propagation and Access
          • Usenet Addressing: Newsgroups, Newsgroup Hierarchies and Types
          • Usenet Message Format and Special Headers
        • TCP/IP Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
          • NNTP Overview and General Operation
          • NNTP Inter-Server Communication Process: News Article Propagation
          • NNTP Client-Server Communication Process: News Posting and Access
          • NNTP Commands
          • NNTP Command Extensions
          • NNTP Status Responses and Response Codes
      • TCP/IP World Wide Web (WWW, "The Web") and the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
        • TCP/IP World Wide Web and Hypertext Overview and Concepts
          • World Wide Web and Hypertext Overview and History
          • World Wide Web System Concepts and Components
          • World Wide Web Media and the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
          • World Wide Web Addressing: HTTP Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
        • TCP/IP Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
          • HTTP Overview, History, Versions and Standards
          • HTTP General Operation and Connections
            • HTTP Operational Model and Client/Server Communication
            • HTTP Transitory and Persistent Connections and Pipelining
            • HTTP Persistent Connection Establishment, Management and Termination
          • HTTP Messages, Message Formats, Methods and Status Codes
            • HTTP Generic Message Format
            • HTTP Request Message Format
            • HTTP Response Message Format
            • HTTP Methods
            • HTTP Status Code Format, Status Codes and Reason Phrases
          • HTTP Message Headers
            • HTTP General Headers
            • HTTP Request Headers
            • HTTP Response Headers
            • HTTP Entity Headers
          • HTTP Entities, Transfers, Coding Methods and Content Management
            • HTTP Entities and Internet Media Types
            • HTTP Data Transfer, Content Encodings and Transfer Encodings
            • HTTP Data Length Issues, "Chunked" Transfers and Message Trailers
            • HTTP Content Negotiation and "Quality Values"
          • HTTP Features, Capabilities and Issues
            • HTTP Caching Features and Issues
            • HTTP Proxy Servers and Proxying
            • HTTP Security and Privacy
            • HTTP State Management Using "Cookies"
      • Gopher Protocol (Gopher)
    • TCP/IP Interactive and Remote Application Protocols
      • Telnet Protocol
        • Telnet Overview, History and Standards
        • Telnet Connections and Client/Server Operation
        • Telnet Communications Model and the Network Virtual Terminal (NVT)
        • Telnet Protocol Commands
        • Telnet Interrupt Handling Using Out-Of-Band Signaling: The Telnet Synch Function
        • Telnet Options and Option Negotiation
      • Berkeley Remote ("r") Commands
        • Berkeley Remote Login (rlogin)
        • Berkeley Remote Shell (rsh)
        • Other Berkeley Remote ("r") Commands (rcp, ruptime, rwho)
      • Internet Relay Chat Protocol (IRC)
    • TCP/IP Administration and Troubleshooting Utilities and Protocols
      • TCP/IP Host Name Utility (hostname)
      • TCP/IP Communication Verification Utility (ping/ping6)
      • TCP/IP Route Tracing Utility (traceroute/tracert/traceroute6)
      • TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol Utility (arp)
      • TCP/IP DNS Name Resolution and Information Lookup Utilities (nslookup, host and dig)
      • TCP/IP DNS Registry Database Lookup Utility (whois/nicname)
      • TCP/IP Network Status Utility (netstat)
      • TCP/IP Configuration Utilities (ipconfig, winipcfg and ifconfig)
      • Miscellaneous TCP/IP Troubleshooting Protocols: Echo, Discard, Character Generator, Quote Of The Day, Active Users, Daytime, Time