The TCP/IP Guide  9  TCP/IP Lower-Layer (Interface, Internet and Transport) Protocols (OSI Layers 2, 3 and 4)       9  TCP/IP Internet Layer (OSI Network Layer) Protocols            9  Internet Protocol (IP/IPv4, IPng/IPv6) and IP-Related Protocols (IP NAT, IPSec, Mobile IP)                 9  Internet Protocol Version 4 (IP, IPv4)                      9  IP Addressing                           9  IP Subnet Addressing ("Subnetting") Concepts

IP Subnetting Summary Tables For Class A, Class B and Class C Networks 1 2 3 IP Subnetting: Practical Subnet Design and Address Determination Example

An Example: Multiple-Level Subnetting Using VLSM

VLSM subnetting is done the same way as regular subnetting; it is just more complex because of the extra levels of subnetting hierarchy. You do an initial subnetting of the network into large subnets, and then further break down one or more of the subnets as required. You add bits to the subnet mask for each of the "sub-subnets" and "sub-sub-subnets" to reflect their smaller size. In VLSM, the slash notation of classless addressing is commonly used instead of binary subnet masks—VLSM is very much like CIDR in how it works—so that's what I will use.

Let's take our example above again and see how we can make everything fit using VLSM. We start with our Class C network, 201.45.222.0/24. We then do three subnettings as follows (see Figure 72 for an illustration of the process):

1. We first do an initial subnetting by using one bit for the subnet ID, leaving us 7 bits for the host ID. This gives us two subnets: 201.45.222.0/25 and 201.45.222.128/25. Each of these can have a maximum of 126 hosts. We set aside the first of these for subnet S6 and its 100 hosts.
   
   
2. We take the second subnet, 201.45.222.128/25, and subnet it further into two sub-subnets. We do this by taking one bit from the 7 bits left in the host ID. This gives us the sub-subnets 201.45.222.128/26 and 201.45.222.192/26, each of which can have 62 hosts. We set aside the first of these for subnet S5 and its 50 hosts.
   
   
3. We take the second sub-subnet, 201.45.222.192/26, and subnet it further into four sub-sub-subnets. We take 2 bits from the 6 that are left in the host ID. This gives us four sub-sub-subnets that each can have a maximum of 14 hosts. These are used for S1, S2, S3 and S4.
   

   Figure 72: Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) Example

   This diagram illustrates the example described in the text, of a Class C (/24) network divided using three hierarchical levels. It is first divided into two subnets; one subnet is divided into two sub-subnets; and one sub-subnet is divided into four sub-sub-subnets. The resulting six subnets are shown with thick black borders, and have a maximum capacity of 126, 62, 14, 14, 14 and 14 hosts.

   
   

Okay, I did get to pick the numbers in this example so that they work out just perfectly, but you get the picture. VLSM greatly improves both the flexibility and the efficiency of subnetting. In order to use it, routers that support VLSM-capable routing protocols must be employed. VLSM also requires more care in how routing tables are constructed to ensure that there is no ambiguity in how to interpret an address in the network.

As I said before, VLSM is similar in concept to the way classless addressing and routing (CIDR) is performed. The difference between VLSM and CIDR is primarily one of focus. VLSM deals with subnets of a single network in a private organization. CIDR takes the concept we just saw in VLSM to the Internet as a whole, by changing how organizational networks are allocated by replacing the single-level “classful” hierarchy with a multiple-layer hierarchy.

IP Subnetting Summary Tables For Class A, Class B and Class C Networks 1 2 3 IP Subnetting: Practical Subnet Design and Address Determination Example